Title: "When the Sky Falls: Cybersecurity Threats to Mining's Aerial Operations"



## Equipment used
- [research from sciencedirect](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2352938523000708)
- Sattelite
    - Remote Sensing & Imagery (Hyperspectral, Multispectral)
    - real time data transmission for quick adjustments
- Drones
    - [Drone based Echo sounder, Ground Penetrating Radar](https://www.sphengineering.com/news/drone-based-gpr-and-echo-sounder-for-mining-operations-enhancement)
        - [Zond Aero 1000 NG](https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0596/9451/4353/files/RadSys_Zond_Aero_1000_NG_datasheet.pdf?v=1732295405)
            - [skyhub User manual](https://integrated.ugcs.com/dl/docs/skyhub-user-manual-r14.pdf)
            - [zond software](https://www.radsys.lv/en/download/)
- Sattelites
    - language of satelites
        - [CCSDS](https://ccsds.org/)
        - [lossless data compression](https://ccsds.org/wp-content/uploads/gravity_forms/5-448e85c647331d9cbaf66c096458bdd5/2025/01//121x0b3.pdf?gv-iframe=true)
    - type of scanning
        - Remote Sensing & Imagery (Hyperspectral, Multispectral)
    - real time data transmission for quick adjustments
    - Sattelite equipment
        - MSS
        - LandsatTM
        - ETM 
        - SPOT 
        - IKINOS 
        - QUICKBIRD 
        - [Sentinal 1](https://eos.com/find-satellite/sentinel-1/)
        - [Application of remote sensing in mining](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354208628_Application_of_Remote_Sensing_in_Mining)
## list of attack vectors
- Denial of Service
    - signal jamming
    - gps jamming (have device to detect this from Larry Peschie)
- MITM
    - [hacking the Space Link Extension Protocol](https://visionspace.com/hacking-sle/)
    - [NASA cryptolib sw](https://github.com/nasa/CryptoLib)
    - [crashing cryptolib](https://securitybynature.fr/post/hacking-cryptolib/)
    - Hijacking
- Data Exfil


## countermeasures
- Incident response
- training
- P2P encryption
    - consider PSK



## Klanker results
### Satellites for Surveying Mining Sites (Geological Surveys)
- **Landsat series** (NASA/USGS): Multispectral imaging for mineral mapping and alteration detection.
- **ASTER** (NASA/Japan): Hyperspectral for ore deposit mapping and alteration zones.
- **Sentinel-2** (ESA): High-res multispectral for rock/vegetation analysis.
- **WorldView-3** (Maxar): 30cm res hyperspectral for detailed mineralogy.
- **Hyperion/Prisma** (NASA/ASI): Hyperspectral for spectral signatures.

### Satellites for Continuous Monitoring
- **Sentinel-1** (ESA): SAR radar for slope stability, stockpiles, and deformation (every 6-12 days).
- **Landsat series**: Optical time-series for land changes and environmental impacts.
- **Sentinel-2**: Frequent revisits for vegetation, water, and disturbance tracking.
- **WorldView-3**: High-res for ongoing stockpile and spill detection.

### Drones Commonly Used in Mining Surveys
- **DJI Matrice 300 RTK**: High-precision mapping, LiDAR, and thermal imaging for geological surveys and stockpile analysis.
- **DJI Phantom 4 RTK**: Photogrammetry for detailed 3D terrain models and mineral exploration.
- **SenseFly eBee X**: Fixed-wing for large-scale surveys, multispectral sensors for mineral detection.
- **Freefly Alta X**: Heavy-lift for LiDAR and geophysical sensors, ideal for rugged mining terrain.
- **WingtraOne**: VTOL drone for high-res mapping and hyperspectral imaging in remote sites.